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CNC Machine
What is CNC Machine...?
CNC machine stands for Computer Numerical Control Machine is a machinery used in production system to convert raw material into a finished product.
CNC machine involves the use
of computers and control system to control machine tools.
Tools that can be controlled in this
manner include lathes, mills, routers and grinders.
The computer uses a set of numeric codes
known as program to control the machine tools.
Block Diagram
Input
A set of numeric codes call the program uses as input of CNC machine
There are 2 types of codes used to write programm.
M codes : Miscellaneous codes
G codes : Preparatory codes
Commonly input methods are punch tape reader, magnetic tape reader, computer via RS-232-C communication and MDI(MAnually data input).
RS-232 cable
Display unit
A monitor is provided in cnc machine to display program, machine behaviors, alarm, maintenance schedule and all related parameters of machine
Machine control unit(MCU)
It is the heart of the CNC machine. It performs all the controlling action of the CNC machine, the various functions performed by the MCU are
- It reads the coded instructions fed into it.
- It decodes the coded instruction.
- It implements interpolation ( linear, circular and helical ) to generate axis motion commands.
- It feeds the axis motion commands to the amplifier circuits for driving the axis mechanisms.
- It receives the feedback signals of position and speed for each drive axis.
- It implements the auxiliary control functions such as coolant or spindle on/off and tool change.
Feedback System
This system consists of sensors and transducers. It is also called as measuring system. It contains position and speed transducers that continuously monitor the position and speed of the cutting tool located at any instant. The MCU receives the signals from these transducers and it uses the difference between the reference signals and feedback signals to generate the control signals for correcting the position and speed errors.
Driving System
The driving system of a CNC machine consists of amplifier circuits, drive motors and ball lead screw. The MCU feeds the signals (i.e. of position and speed) of each axis to the amplifier circuits. The control signals are than augmented (increased) to actuate the drive motors. And the actuated drive motors rotate the ball lead screw to position the machine table.
Machine Tool
A CNC machine tool always has a slide table and a spindle to control of the position and speed. The machine table is controlled in X and Y axis direction and the spindle is controlled in the Z axis direction.
Features
•Storage of more than one part program
•Various form of program input
Eg : Magnetic tape, Floppy disc, RS232, USB, manual data input(MDI)
•Program editing at the machine tool
•Cutter length and size compensation.
•Acceleration and Deceleration
calculations.
1) HMC(Horizontal Machining Center) :
The position of spindle is parallel or horizontal with respect to the bed or pallet as shown in figure.
2) VMC(Vertical Machining Center) :
The position of spindle is perpendicular or vertical with respect to the bed or pallet as shown in figure.
•Advantages
1)High Accuracy and precision
2)Time
saving
3)Continues
operation
4)Less
manpower requirements
•Disadvantages
1)High
initial cost
2)Spare parts are costly and not available at local markets
2)Required
skilled person to operate or maintenance
WATCH VIDEO
Very nice blog which explains shortly about CNC and the advantage, disadvantage of it.
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